Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) Essay

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) - Essay ExampleBusiness-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) are two types of e- straines found on the Internet. E-commerce is an umbrella term utilise for all business done online but when close studied there are some good differences which set of type of business apart from an other(a). B2B is the business where both parties are organizations or companies working with severally other for some kind of mutual benefit such as Skillbay.com. An example of this would be industrial suppliers or manufacturers who sell to a business that eventually takes final goods to the customers. Whereas roughly other sites would fall in the category of B2C since organizations are selling their services or products to consumers. Examples include Amazon.com and Walmart.com.The main difference between a B2B and a B2C is that of who purchases at the other end, whether its the consumer or a business purchaser as defined earlier. The other difference is the complexity of the business-to-business setup as compared to a business to consumer setup. Supply chain management gets have-to doe with with in a business-to-business setup making the online process all the more complicated. And then there is similarly an issue of security that needs special consideration in business to business as compared to the business to consumer e-commerce. The other differences could be the negotiation and integration. Negotiation means bargaining prices and in case of business-to-business selling the most important thing is a negotiation.... While the business to consumer seems very easy as the any online retail store would just has to upload a catalog with prices and specification, the negotiation part involves another complexity inwardly the business to business setup and that is of integration. There needs to be integration between the seller and the buyer frame for effective business-to-business e-commerce to take place. At ti mes, the buying beau monde could not integrate with the selling company and vice versa which makes the transaction difficult to handle.Channel integration was also a problem for the business to consumer e-commerce in the earlier phase of e-commerce development as a lot of stores declined to connect their Web companies through the indispensable back office systems. Many companies rejected in an effort to build up a obvious Web unit and articulated lots about the efforts of those who approached them as cannibalization of present sites. However, as it proved it was much of a fear than the actual eating up and companies like the Gap without delay adjusted to the spic-and-span system in order to let customers do online transactions and in case of any thoughtlessness return the products back to the physical retailer. This opportunity and ease pulled out many fears of the customers of an online shopping system and in turn increase online sales as there could be more effective follow-u p system online and the order management would be handled more effectively. This not only gave confidence to the online shopper but also increased the value of the products and services they purchased.There are various ethical and legal regulations to follow when these businesses are started. exchangeable any other business, online organizations have a responsibility towards their clients and this includes

Reason and democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reason and country - Essay ExampleIn his speech on (2009), the united recount president Barrack Obama claimed that, American presumes no knowledge of everyones subscribes, but he believes that everyone yearns for certain things in life. These things embroil the ability to sh atomic number 18 their thoughts on how they are governed the ability to confide in the discriminatory system. In addition, citizens need to have a government they can confide in with their resources, and for the immunity to live as they whitethorn choose (Obamas Speech in Cairo 2009) In this sense, a true act of land mustiness be supplied by reason. Democratic state, government in office are open and ready to put out all the essential facts of their actions to their citizens. This builds the citizens trust on the government in managing their resources, in the judicial system and their freedom to make their own chooses without state manipulation or threats (Obamas Speech in Cairo 2009)..If an individual b elieves that they are entitled to certain aspects in life, if one can clearly elaborate the reasons as to why they know such rights as opposed to if they were not entitled to them, hence, they believe in democracy. In a judicial system, every judgment ought to be backed by reason. It is only in such circumstances that democracy is fulfilled. If a judge were to pass judgment on individuals without clarified reasons, then this would defile the aspect of democracy. Acts of democracy should be justifiable based on reason.In a dialogue between Theseus from a republican city, and Theban Herald from despotism city.

The Business Problem and Research Objectives Proposal

The Business Problem and Objectives - Research aim ExampleThe Business Problem and Research ObjectivesThe bon ton has been offering supreme branded products in carnal knowledge to fashion, home and beauty care markets. Moreover, the company with its rich quality products is recognised to be the oldest retailing departmental store in the global context for performing trading activities with its original name. After 175 years, the company is still renowned for its stylish and fashionable garments within the targeted consumer market. Furthermore, the company is substantially-known for employing some of the top designers and noted brand ambassadors like Jessica Gomes in its promotional tactics. The vision of the company has been to offer better shopping experiences to its customers separately time they visit the departmental stores. Additionally, in order to flourish the business operations, the company is further undeniable to maintain its brand through improved quality services. However, the company is observed to be involved with trusted honorable inconveniences in relation to its business operations. As a result, the company has also been modernly criticised establish on sexual curse cases engaging its employees in Australia. The first case was identified as cerebrate to the promotional techniques used by the company in terms of advertisements which are considered to be unethical for eroticising as well as sexually exploiting children. In this regard, a case was filed with the Federal Court which is located in Sydney against DJs for sexualisation of children or minors in its promotional tactics. ... However, the company is observed to be involved with certain ethical issues in relation to its business operations. As a result, the company has also been recently criticised based on sexual harassment cases engaging its employees in Australia. The first case was identified as related to the promotional techniques used by the company in terms of advertis ements which are considered to be unethical for eroticising as well as sexually exploiting children. In this regard, a case was filed with the Federal Court which is located in Sydney against DJs for sexualisation of children or minors in its promotional tactics. The executive director of Australia Institute also criticised the company for promoting its garment products by using sexualised images of children through ads on internet and flyers among others (Horin, 2007). There has also been a recent sexual harassment case lodged against the company by Kristy Fraser-Kirk, a 25 years old woman working as a junior publicist in DJs. She lodged a complaint against the former chief executive police officer of DJs named Mark Mclnnes for sexually harassing her. With respect to the complaint filed, she seeks to acquire 5% of the profit of DJs as well as 5% of the salary of Mclnnes which cost the company a considerable amount of expense to resolute the issue (Kontominas, 2010). 2. The Broad P roblem Area The business problems which can be apparently observed with reference to the recent performances of DJs relates with its unethical business practices and management in relation to sexual harassment. It has been perceived that DJs was involved with promotional techniques or activities which included advertisements which were criticized as well as recognised to be unethical. These advertisings

Organizations are nothing but large-sized groups. Their fundamental Essay

Organizations are nothing but large-sized groups. Their fundamental frequency dynamics are essentially the like. Discuss - Essay ExampleThat is, when humans join together, there imparting be accumulation of more minds, hands, output, etc, etc, leading to better completion of tasks. Large groups, irrespective of their domain, will turn in to race as a squad with positive dynamics to achieve their targets. Even if there is hostility from few members or even from a single member of those groups, the activity of that large group may be impeded and will result in failure. Although, all the important processes of large groups or organizations starts and ends with the attraction or the management team, the employees will be the crucial cog, who has to optimally work as part of work teams. In any make human activity including that of large groups, the successful work teams with positive team dynamics heap be successfully set or established, if the head successfully involves the hu mans as part of the decision making process. The large groups have to be guided and supervised by draw or leaders. The evolution of leaders could be visible in the childhood itself. In the childhood, he/she will have company of tiny tots of his/her age and all of them as part of large groups or comminuted groups will involve themselves in the group activities, in their school or in their neighborhood. These activities could be in the form of natural as well as mental, and most of the activities will demand a team, which could be even a two-person team. While involving themselves in the team activities, some one from the group will fork over to guide and dominate the other ones. This is the natural process and everyones childhood will be large with situations like this. Although, a child with a good physical stature and ability to communicate at any moment will try to be light a leader, in course of time, any organized activity will need a leader who can productively involve the other members as well, thereby motivating them. To make them more integrated towards their targets, the leaders can productively involve them. The same can be replicated in business organizations as well. That is, the leader or the management team of a business organization can put their thoughts, strategies and also the organizational goals for discussion among the other workers. This way the workers as a form of work teams can be involved productively, with dynamics aiding the process. The workers can input their gained companionship and experience in the decision making process, and will come up with optimal and path prison-breaking suggestions and ideas. So, involving and making co-workers to play a part as work teams will yield optimum results, as it will optimize the performance of the employees. That is, if the employees are given important responsibilities, they will optimize their mental and physical abilities to complete the given work successfully. As it is a matter of proving oneself among the group of fellow workers, the employees will come up with feasible and effective suggestions, ideas, etc in-group and thereby will incorporate team dynamics, to help the organizations function effectively. This was come on supported by Fineman & Gabriel (1996), who state that sound delegation will ensure better productivity from the employees as they will work with clear goals. However, the aspect that should be taken care is, even though the workers can be optimally involved as work teams with dynamics,

Global Business Prespective Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Prespective - Coursework ExampleCompanies that follow the international strategy unravel to sell locally produced goods and services in foreign trade while making certain amendments to their gos in compliance with foreign market needs.2. Product shaping is whiz of the diversification strategies that can be utilize by an organization through strategic management. Organizations that adopt this strategy tend to indulge in the maturation of a new product for a market that already exists (Hitt, 2009). For example In India there was a strong existing market for carbonated drinks that was being served by Pepsi Corporation. Later Coca-Cola Company even started offering carbonated drinks in India. This strategy may not always be successful because the current market may already be loyal to another organization that is satisfying their needs and may be reluctant in changing from the already present provider.3. The term franchising is used to refer to the license that one company operating in a particular nation offers to another company an individual which allows them to draw a similar company in their local regions with the same name (Hitt, 2009). Franchisors can earn tax from claimes by obtaining fee revenue which is an upfront payment that a franchisee pays to the franchisor for opening up a franchise with the same name. Franchisors even earn through royalties which is a certain percentage of the total revenue that has been get by the franchisee.4. Micro loan is a term used to refer to the money that is lent by a financial institution or the government in order to decrease poverty in their nation (Hitt, 2009). The purpose of microloan is to provide money to the poor and needy people who cannot obtain loans from commercial banks as commercial banks charge higher interests and have a very stringent repayment solution. Micro loans

Criminology & Criminal Justice BSc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Criminology & Criminal Justice BSc - Essay ExampleThe ultimate result of this frustration will go out to withdrawal of co-operation by the dupe (Department of Justice 2009, p. 4). Therefore, the co-operation is necessary for the effectiveness of criminal on the dotice system to train that it will lead to punishing the offender.Ensuring the credentials of the dupe as genuine, does not necessarily mean, will take over the rights of defendants as enshrined in the fundamental rights. In 1994 rights of victims were neglected badly. This is not the first time in the business relationship of UK when the Liberty has called for greater objectives. According to Zedner (2007), a study reveals no conflict between the rights of defendants and the rights of victims (p. 265). Fair and just trials are the essence of criminal justice system. In order to ensure fair prosecution and to stave off miscarriage of justice, it is incumbent upon the law enforcers to protect the rights of defendants.Rev iew of the European Convention on Human Rights indicates expressage protection for victims. It is the duty of the police to provide protection to individuals in general and youngsters in specific from breaching of face-to-face integrity. Failure to protect the victim, the authorities concerned will be held responsible as per law (Zedner 2007, p. 274). It would be in the fitness of things if victims should have more rights than those reflected in the Convention.The charter of victim first come to resurrect in the year 1990 and revised in the year 1996 clearly defined the fundamental rights of every victim of crime (Shapland 2000, p. 82). By all means, it can be considered a revolutionary step in the profound history of the United Kingdom. The existing Charter fulfils the expectation of a victim. According to Shapland (2000), in case of dissatisfaction, it permits the victim to lodge his or her complaint to an appropriate authority (p 83).Of course, the Charter of Victim is a well plan out document to address the issues and the difficulties faced by the

Quote two claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quote two claims - Essay ExampleObservably, it lot be stated that having good sense is not important, but it is significant for people to use it in a good direction. It is quintessential that an one-on-one should not presume his/her mind to be better than early(a) individual in general. Besides, sharpness, clarity in thoughts and memory which is capacious is argued to be vital components within an individual to define the perfect mind. It is also crucial to select a path that enables an individual to develop imaginations and maxims, which in the end leads an individual to foster method that facilitate him/her to acquire knowledge gradually (Thomas and food turner 32-44).Thomas and Turners notion, clarity is the central virtue of classic prose can also be supported, grounded on the fact that classic writer were engaged in presenting literary works that has already been perceived by them. clear prose can be argued to be predominantly an efficient instrument, which neither invents nor misleads their view. Besides, classic prose evaded hesitations and uncertainties. Thus, it can be firm justified that clarity is the central virtue of classic prose (Thomas and Turner

Performance Appraisal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

cognitive operation Appraisal - Assignment Example360-degree feedback is a more qualitative instrument involving the profiling of employees through interviews and separate interactive procedures.Even though each type of performance assessment instrument may be used for different flat coats and in order to achieve different purposes, there are some particular components that run through almost all these instruments. According to Kondrasuk (2011), the extent to which HR managers are able to rehearse these components to each instrument determines how effective a given instrument would be. The first component is that all appraisal instruments are objective based. What this actor is that the instruments are designed with very specific objectives set for employees to attain. Without the objectives, it will be difficult to measure the real performance outcome of employees (Bol, 2011). Secondly, the instruments are linked to the larger organizational goal, centre that they are set to ensure that employees accomplish the overall goals of the organization. Lastly, the instruments are performance improvement related, ensuring that they critique employees towards making them more viable (Kondrasuk, 2011).Using the rating scale performance appraisal instrument as an example, it would be said that the component that is most necessary for employee motivation is the fact that the instrument is performance improvement related. The reason for this assertion is that when employees are appraised with the purpose of making them better workers they get motivated, knowing that the appraisal is in set to develop their professional competence. This is to say that employees refuse to see the appraisal as a means to debase them but to discover the best from them. Luckily, the fact that the rating scale is quantitative in nature means that it is possible to easily determine areas where employees require more training and assistance to become as deep as the organization require of them

Technology in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Technology in Society - Essay ExampleWhere once robots simply meant robotic arms exhibited in the science lab, today they pretend evolved into full-on automatons. Where once cellphones were extremely huge, bulky and cumbersome, they can now depart anywhere and be carried anywhere one goes. Music players that were once the size of a small file cabinet can now be easily held in one hand. Truly, our trance for technology has allowed us to create great things, and this will no doubt continue to be the case for years to come. This fascination also shows in various areas of pop culture. Works such as Ghost in the squeeze or the long-running Gundam franchise are both examples of the lengths to which we envision or predict that technology will evolve, musical composition others such as the .hack franchise portray how technology has very much become hardwired into our lives. This particular report aims to review two such works the novel Halting State and the first Terminator photograp h due to their relevance especially in todays day and age. ... While nowhere pricy the status of such smash hits such as the Harry Potter series, for example, this novel has still managed to tally much than a modest degree of success for itself enough to be nominated for both the Hugo and venue awards (Worlds Without End, 2008). The story begins on a relatively mundane note a faux job adjure email sent to Nigel MacDonald for a stint as a home-based programmer for Hayek Associates LLC. At the same time, deep down the MMORPG known as Avalon Four, a cybercrime has taken place. Specifically, a small band of orcs together with a potassium bitartrate had been found to have stolen thousands of euros worth of prestige items from the feebles central bank. And while this could easily have been written off as a mere in-game offense, it is soon discovered to be much worsened when Hayek stocks and cryptographic keys are found to have been compromised in the process. From then on, the story introduces us to three more central characters Sue, a police officer (herald) Elaine, an investigator (mentor) and Jack Reed, a programmer who happens to be a hardcore gamer. While each of their story lines at first run parallel to each other, they in the end intertwine as these three characters team up to unravel a conspiracy. Eventually, Jack and Nigel are revealed to be one and the same Nigel MacDonald being the pseudonymous identity. However, soon enough, an even more earth-shattering revelation is revealed that the entire European network backbone has been hacked into by Chinese hackers. This is the climax at which all pretenses of things being a game are dropped, and also where Jack and Elaine begin to fall in love. Together, the couple make use of Spooks as a sock puppet in order to

Business Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Laws - Essay casefulSingle-firm transmit is a practice that undermines several United States laws, for example, Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The behaviour is evident in companies that are successful to the extent that they do not observe common competitive pressures. A radiation pattern food market, such as the American market, supports a competitive market with competing firms. Most of the laws to regulate this malpractice are effective, however to some extent. The Sherman Act makes monopolization or attempts to monopolize trade activities illegal (Katz, 2006). The law may be ineffective because of its ambiguity, in particular in the definition of monopolization. For instance, it provides room for aggressive marketing procedures, unless a company tries to procure monopoly through unreasonable measures. A legitimate business justification is not an unreasonable method, according to a court of law. For instance, a business may have effective strategies that ensure the y meet their target market without the use of any unlawful methods that may be injurious to competitors or customers. An example is the Microsoft Company, which fashioned a monopoly over operating systems software for personal estimators that are IBM-compatible. Through this, the company managed to dissuade other computer makers and software developers from installing non-Microsoft browser software in its products. Through the law, competing firms were able to make Microsoft end their conduct that prevented rivals from gaining a market share.Fraudulent advertising is a negative practice that undermines fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. Listerine, a largely commercial product in the early 1900s, has faced several bans and fines owing to its false advertisements. As a mouthwash product, its advertisements claimed to cure colds, a fact that was clinically incorrect.This business practice affects several stakeholders, especially consumers

Problem solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Problem resolution - Case Study Exampled, 2015), the job vacancy at Connections of invigorated York require the applicant to ground superior knowledge of Oracle database features, tuning and design methodologies (Connections of New York, 2015). The early(a) difference is that the senior NoSQL/MySQL database administrator is to be responsible for engaging in assembling, managing, and maintaining a heterogeneous database environment in the technical operations group (Softworld, 2015). On the other hand, the position of a senior oracle database administrator requires a person with proven technical and architect skills who have the ability to communicate effectively with developers along with other teams of database administrators (Connections of New York, 2015). At Connections of New York the database administrator is tasked with managing and maintaining all Oracle production and non-production databases, design and fix the functioning of the reinforcement and recovery on DBMS, o ptimize Oracle database resources for optimum database performance, maintaining Oracle availability on various platforms, carrying bring out short-term and long-term database analysis, creating database administration polices, mentoring database developers on new database technology, and finally, designing and implementing standards for monitoring (Connections of New York, 2015). On the other hand, the database administrator at Softworld is responsible for ensuring data systems are operating smoothly, writing and performing DDL as salutary as DDL as needed, audit different databases to ensure integrity, carrying out upgrades, working with the data engineering team, and managing depot restructuring as needed, installing patches as required, and deal with database situations, such as queries run amok, replication, and stale stocks (Softworld, 2015). The average remuneration for a senior database administrator in New York is $ 122,271 annually, according to the United States Depart ment of Labor.Connections of New York. (2015). Database executive director Senior,

Ratio Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ratio Analysis - Assignment ExampleIdeally it should be 2 i.e. the current assets of Tesco should be twice its current liabilities. As this ratio is less than 1 it signifies that the liquidity position of the ac club is not very strong (London Stock Exchange plc, Fundamentals, 2010).The Quick ratio of the lodge is 0.63. This measures the ability of the companionship to pay its short term obligations out of the liquid assets and hence it ignores inventory. As this ratio is less than iodine it signifies that the liquid assets of the company are not sufficient to meet its short term obligations.The Gross pull ahead margin of the company is 7.76%. The gross loot of the company is calculated as excess of Operating income oer Operating costs. This can be interpreted as the company is earning an operating margin of 7.76% (Tesco PLC, Group income account, 2009).The Net profit margin of the company is 3.98%. This can be interpreted as the net profit earned by the company is 3.98% of th e sales. Here the net profit refers to the profit afterward tax i.e. after the adjustment of operating as well as administrative expenses.The ROE of the company is 16.67%. This means that the company is earning a profit margin of 16.67% on the total equity. This is fairly good and shows that the company has been successful in earning a positive return for its equity shareholders.The ROA earned by the company for the financial year finish February 2009 is 4.70%. This means that the company is earning a profit margin of 4.70% on the assets deployed in the business. It shows that the managers have been fairly in force(p) in using the assets. There is scope for further improvement in the utilization of the assets.The dividend pay-out ratio of the company is 0.43. This means that the company is declaring 43 percent of its earnings in the form of dividend. From this ratio it is clear that the company is declaring a substantial portion of its earnings in the form of dividend.The Price e arning (P/E) ratio of

Germany and the German Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the German - Assignment ExampleHonestly, the film was a sorry reminder of a heinous event that all Germans and the rest of world wanted to forget. The remembrance to the Murdered Jews of Europe could not have been magnified through Eisenmans architectural work as it seemed to emphasize the magnitude of death that defies rational and logical reasoning. People have already felt pang and anguish just to be reminded of the genocide that occurred during those times, especially the relatives of the victims. To be reminded time and again is creating a desensitise experience which could have created callousness and indifference to the present generation. It is not to say that everyone has forgotten the incident. It is just to designate that at times, those who were directly hurt and affected by the crimes would like to move on with the lives, remembering the cheerful times instead of the gruesome, painful events that cannot be retracted or changed by any form of monumental

Chicken Production Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chicken Production - Case Study ExampleFurthermore, optimizing the design and performance decisive factor out for facilities and equipment, as well as set up manufacture-wide guidelines (i.e., plan principles), will benefit the whole industry by civilizing efficiency of manufacturers (i.e., one design vs. multiple) and plummeting contamination and following product recalls.Leading characteristics of a mixed bag of classes, breeds and varieties of chickens essential Mendalian concepts of legacy the mechanism of qualitative and quantitative legacy heritability of quantitative traits objectives of poultry propagation for affectionateness and egg production systems of breeding rundown their meaning pure breed vs present day loan-blend used for meat and egg production the position of sorting in genetic development assortment methods culling and its meaning factors pressure egg size and work of art growth and sexual adulthood ovary,The requirements plus specifications for poultry pro duction structures depends on which climatic area the production is situated in, and the kind of production. No doubt, day-old chicks from the hatchery are placed in the brooder rings upon influx. According to the expert analysis, broilers that have reached a cognize size may be given access to the whole barn. Furthermore, broiler chickens are unbroken in great, slay houses with a bottomless layer of litter (such as sawdust, chopped straw or shredded newspaper) on the floor. The grow-out stage lasts 35 - 45 days before the broilers reach market heaviness and is bring to the abattoir (Parkhurst, C.R. and G.J. 1997).Principles of Building ConstructionFurthermore, every profitable poultry production is batch based characteristically 42 days or 12 months depending on production. Following each batch the birds are costless, the manure is detached and the buildings are cleaned and clean. Subsequent to a period of time, a latest batch is located in the building. Moreover, the buildin g has routine feeding, watering, temperature control and airing systems. Buildings may be either of course ventilated (air alter delinquent to wind) or automatically ventilated (where air is drawn into the buildings from side to side vents due to a unenthusiastic pressure created by means of wall fans that tire out inside air)Moreover, the production facilities are kept as stopped up units with strict control on access by employees and corporation. No doubt, pelt may be washed prior to sale, make waste water waste matter containing raw(a) matter. Linked infrastructure ordinary to broilers and egg layers includes silos for feed think, manure storage space facilities and containers for deceased birds (Etches, R.J. 1996).domestic fowl Building Fabric Thermal Analysis To Planning For Reduced Production CostsIf we analyzed wherefore we come to know that personified energy varies extremely between poultry

A Capstone Experience introduction 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Capstone Experience introduction 1 - Assignment lessonFirst, the company has to identify projects for miscellany. The management has to prioritize what demand immediate attention. Such case is more successful if the company consults with as many people as possible. The feedback for each person will determine the plans that would take to heart the firm better (Bryson, 2011).Secondly, the company has to develop an effective communication plan. The communication strategy has to be substanti all(prenominal)y adapted by the whole company. A good communication strategy will make it aristocratic for all employees to understand the proposed project. Additionally, the management will get the feedback in time.The third step is to eliminate carrying out barriers. Most of these barriers are the people who do not welcome the change in the firm. Moreover, executives who insist on other employees to implement change are barriers. Such executives are not sure about the change and fear any form of risks. There should be extra time to deal with potential resistivity to eliminate the challenge (Hawkins, 2012).The last step is to develop a good change plan. The company needs to formulate a simple and clear vision for its goals. Additionally, it is important to design an action plan. After all this has taken place, the firm then sets timeframes for implementation and

Luxury Paradigm Essay Example for Free

Luxury Paradigm attemptIt is generally acknowledged that western consumption of sumptuosity in the 1980s and 1990s was motivated in the first place by status-seeking and appearance. This means that social status associated with a brand is an important factor in spectacular consumption. The baby boom generation utmostlife consumer has a passion for self-indulgence while maintaining an iconoclastic humans view, which is transforming the extravagance market from its old conspicuous consumption model to a totally new, individualistic pillow slip of luxury consumer one driven by new asks and desires for get a lines . The expression of todays luxury is about a celebration of personal creativity, expressiveness, intelligence, fluidity, and above all, meaning. LUXURY AND POSTMODERNISM Recent arguments have been sounded that aspects of contemporary luxury consumption have reflected the phenomenon of postmodernism. Postmodernity means very different things to many different pe ople. Postmodernism is essentially a western philosophy that refers to a break in thinking away from the modern, functional and rational. In terms of existential merchandise, two aspects of the postmodern discourse atomic number 18 most relevant hyper-reality and image.Hyper-reality refers to the blurring of distinction amidst the real and the unreal, in which the prefix hyper signifies more real than real. When the real that is the environment, is no longer a given, that is reproduced by a simulated environment, it does non pass away unreal, hardly realer than real. The example of Bollywood to illustrate the so-called Disneyfication of reality indoors the context of contemporary Indian society Bollywood captures not only the imagination in the form of song, music and dance but fairy tale settings, romantic melodrama and heroic storylines immerse the mantrap in simulated reality.Traditional marketing was developed in response to the industrial age, not the information, bra nding and communications revolution we are facing today. In a new age, with new consumers, we need to shift away from a features- and-benefits approach, as advocated by traditional approaches to consumer births. One such approach is experiential marketing, an approach that in contrast to the rational features-and-benefits view of consumers takes a more postmodern orientation, and views them as aroused beings concerned with achieving pleasurable experiences.EXPERIENTIAL LUXURY MARKETING When a person buys a service, he purchases a set of intangible activities carried out on his behalf. But when he buys an experience, he pays to spend time enjoying a series of memorable events that a company stages to engage him in a personal way. Experiential marketing is thus about taking the essence of a product and amplifying it into a set of tangible, physical and synergistic experiences that reinforce the offer.Experiential marketing essentially describes marketing initiatives that give cons umers in-depth, tangible experiences in order to digest them with sufficient information to make a purchase decision. It is clear that the fact that many luxury goods are almost always experiential puts luxury marketers in a unique position to apply the principles of experiential marketing to their activities. Dimensions of the luxury experience The term troth refers to the level of inter-activity between the supplier and the customer.Increased levels of involvement fundamentally change the way in which services are experienced, that is, suppliers no longer create an experience and pass it to the customer instead, the supplier and customer are interactively co-creating the experience. The term intensity refers to the perception of the strength of picture towards the interaction. The four experiential zones are not intended to be mutually exclusive the richness of an experience is, however, a function of the spot to which all four zones are incorporated.Those experiences we think of as Entertainment, such as fashion shows at designer boutiques and upmarket department stores, usually involve a low degree of customer involvement and intensiveness. Activities in the Educational zone involve those where participants are more actively involved, but the level of intensiveness is still low. In this zone, participants acquire new skills or increase those they already have. more luxury goods offerings include educational dimensions. For example, cruise ships often employ well-known authorities to provide semi-formal lectures about their itineraries a concept commonly referred to as edutainment.Escapist activities are those that involve a high degree of both involvement and intensiveness, and are clearly a central feature of much of luxury consumption. This is clearly evident within the luxury tourism and hospitality sector, characterised by the growth of specialised vacation offerings. The launch of the Royal Tented Taj Spa (Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces) at the Rambagh Palace in Jaipur (India) recreates the mobile palaces used by the Mughal emperors of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, with chandeliers, royal pennants and Indian love swings.When the element of activity is reduced to a more supine involvement in nature, the event becomes Aesthetic. A high degree of intensiveness is clearly evident within this activity, but has little effect on its environment such as admiring the architectural or intragroup design of designer boutiques. The six-storey glass crystal design of the Prada store in Tokyo conceptualised by the architects Herzog and de Meuron has become a showcase for unconventional contemporary architecture.

Overcoming Church Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Overcoming Church Conflicts EssayIt may come as a surprise for some yet Christian performes atomic number 18 not exempt from political problems and meshs. Pastors, church workers, leaders, and other church members may become touch in bitter bickering and quarreling. Factions may be created, petty issues magnified, and problems blown come to the fore of proportion. As a result, the fellowship and the harmony in the Church, which is the tree trunk of Christ, are replaced with discord, disunity, and recurring conflict. If conflict and quarrels go on unchecked, the overall health of the Church deteriorates and before long, it might exactly self-destruct leading to split and broken relationships. Firestorm A Book on Church Conflict Ron S utilizationks book Firestorm Preventing and Overcoming Church Conflicts deals with this important issue. He takes a look at church problems and conflicts, and the dynamics that a church undergoes as it self-destructs. The author does not only present theory and principles, he presents real-life scenarios and conflicts. In doing so, he presents what he called the church firestorm. Susek does not cringe in presenting the true situation in churches. A potty of Christians and church members tend to have a high regard for the church.In the sense that a church, since it is the Body of Christ, should have love and caring and not conflict or even either hint of discord and conflict. Yet, we are withal aware that as humans, we do have our imperfections and we sin. Since the church is diverse and the plenty film different opinions, if this scenario is coupled by sin, wherefore the church may undergo a firestorm. Suseks use of Firestorm as a metaphor is an apt description of church conflict left by itself without any attempt at healing and reconciliation. It devours with such force as a forest wildfire, which leaves a draw of ruin, loss, broken hearts and relationships.Conflict is a part of human life, and since humans are essentially involved in the church, wherefore it would be wise for us to manage conflict and prevent it from destroying the church completely. contradict Traits and Problems Discussed by Susek A number of negative traits and sources of problems were discussed by Susek. These problems are present in most churches. These sources of conflict may be categorized under cultural problems, factions and lead problems. There might be clangor of cultures within the church brought more or less by impatient and misplaced idealism. If individuals are used as meat to an end, indeed conflict excessively ensues.The church may similarly be wracked by factions and blind loyalties to motley individuals in the church. This leads to an immature manner of handling differences in points of view and opinion. When people start pressing others to heart their side, then conflict is magnified further. approximately people inside the church may also call that their point of view is the only valid on e and that all others are completely wrong. In these instances, the reduce is no longer on spiritual behavior and brotherly love. Rather, it becomes one of politics, pride, and party. In this case, the interest of the church is compromised in favor of ones own agenda.The issue of church leadership may also be an important factor in church conflicts. The leadership of the churchthe pastors, the lay leaders, deacons, and other members of the leadership team play an important role in the escalation or prevention of church conflict. If these leaders then have other ambitions and agenda, or if they use their position to get what they want, then conflict becomes inevitable. Stubbornness and insubordination, on the other hand, also contributes to the problem. Leaders should also display maturity by recognizing their weaknesses, otherwise, conflict becomes large(p)er.When some people in the church feels that things are no longer acceptable, then they may simply cry out and before long, a firestorm has ignited. Satan then exploits this situation to initiate the destruction of the church. Susek presented examples to bolster his arguments in the book. Some examples he cited are simply shocking and led to the bankruptcy and eventual closing of the church. Dealing with the abuse The Body of Christ is beloved by Christ, himself. As believers who love Christ, all means should be assemble out in order to prevent the complete destruction of the church.In this regard, Susek presented a number of great ideas on how to manage conflict within the church. He also discussed solid suggestions on how to implement Matthew 18. He boldly gives advice to elders of the church who are dealing with difficult situations in the church. If the conflict is truly difficult to manage, then the church may consider getting an ad hoc or temporary leader. This way, the leader who may be perceived to have vested interest may inhibit himself from the conflict. Leaders tend to be at the center on of church conflicts. So when an interim leader is brought in, he rear end help deal with the issues.Since he also bring an outsiders perspective, he may also be more objective. He also encourages congregation to deal with the problem and not dwell on who wins or loses. The minister can then use the pulpit in developing this kind of attitude among the members of the congregation. If conflict is still budding and about to explode, it would be wise for the leaders to start doing steps to mitigate the conflict. This way, greater damage would be prevented. meet on a Ministers Life Quite naturally, a minister would be at the forefront of some of the problems and conflicts inside the church.Most of the time ministers are at a loss on how to deal with conflicts, especially if they perceive that their job and their very self is on the line. The rigors of ministry, the combative attitude of mingled leaders in the church, the problems in leadership and an escalating conflict could take away t he morale of the minister. Suseks book, however, is a veritable guide for ministers in dealing with church conflict. The practical suggestions that Susek presented including the dynamics of firestorm and the stages he outlined are all helpful information for ministers to monitor the situation of their churches.When they see conflict escalating, then the minister can use the pulpit in preaching about the godly way of dealing with conflicts and avoid lambasting anyone. In cases of conflict, a ministers family is also dragged into the process. When church conflicts escalate, the family, particularly the wife, tends to become the shock absorbers. In this regard, Suseks book can also help a ministers family deal with the stress of the conflict and provide stimulated support and encouragement.

20th century poetry Essay Example for Free

20th century poetry EssayWe have been openhanded to 20th century poesys to examine. They are Evans by R. S Thomas and Death in Leamington by Sir thr maven Betjeman. Both poems are about death, but in two very different situations. I allow for examine the poem Evans source of all. Evans was indite by a man called R. S Thomas. He lived from 1913-2000. he was born in Cardiff. He became a clergyman and taught himself welsh so he could work with the slew in the hills, because not many of them spoke English at this time. Evans is a 20th Century poem. The poem begins as if the author is talking to somebody else.It looks like the other person has asked him something like, Do you remember a man Evans? and the writer replies, yes, many a time. The first verse line of the poem describes Evans stomach. It talks about the bare stairs and the gaunt kitchen. We can depict from the first verse that Evans was a poor man, his house is not at all well furbished, and he doesnt have muc h to his name. Everything that Evans owns has a dull, dreary adjective accustomed to it, like stark farm and black kettle. His kitchen must be filthy because crickets can be heard.The exsert line of this verse tells us that he lives on a lone farm upon a hill. From this verse we have found out that this man is poor, lonely and doesnt really care much about what his house looks like. The 2nd verse tells us that something appals the speaker. He says that it isnt the darkness around him, which seems to fill his mouth and that it isnt the tree that the precipitate drips off. I think the tree is symbolism, because the speaker says, of rain like blood form that one tree, persist tortured. I think he is really describing Evans appearance.The speaker says that its the veins of Evans. He sees darkness in them, and that it is silting them. Silt is the thick(p) sandy substance at the bottom of rivers. I think it means that the darkness is trapped in Evans veins and that it is slowly kill ing him. The writer says, I left stranded upon the vast and lonely shore of his dimmed bed. The writer believes that he has failed is his job, which is to harbor the sick if they are going to die. The writer feels that he is inadequate and that he hasnt done what he wanted to.Again we see another dreary adjective attached to one of Evans possessions, his bleak bed. The word lonely is used again here. The writer wants to get the point across that Evans has no one, no family or friends to comfort him, that is why the writer feels so bad that he cant do this for him. This poem is about the bad way to die, all on your own and no one to comfort you. The next poem, Death in Leamington, is about the other way to pass on. Death in Leamington was written by Sir John Betjeman. Poets of his day liked to write poems making fun of the middle class people.The first verse tells us that someone has died, and that it is a woman. It has happened in the late evening. She has died in her bedroom. Th e room has a household glass window, which means this place wherever she was staying must has been pretty well off. The second verse gives us a little more insight to the woman. She owned a crochet, which means she must have been preferably old. It lay beside her bed, which means she cant have been too old because she was still able to walk. Again the writer tells us that she is dead.

Cultural Sensivity Essay Example for Free

cultural Sensivity EssayThe manner in which color is employed in an international context is a remarkable factor which is frequently maltreated or neglected by the developers of Web aims and instructional material. What is more, its application is horizontal more complicated due to the notion that perception of color is conditioned not merely by ones physical competence to see it. It is even more important for a designer to understand the center of a color in terms of cultural preferences. Following are some recommendations in regards to the worlds attitudes toward the primary colors. So, the developer of a site oriented on an international viewer should keep in mind that vipers bugloss is the best-tolerated color worldwide. Blue is one of the colors that is unobjected in the majority of ethnical traditions. in that locationfore, a designer deal employ it for all sorts of sites, no matter what its audience, purpose, or placement are. In regards to the pleasant perceptio n of this color specialists state that on our planet you cannot find anything that would be isolated from the surroundings that is, excluding the sky.This may be the fount for prevailing religious beliefs place their deity somewhere above, while evil usually resides under the ground. There is a group of colors that possess somewhat indistinct characteristics and meanings. Among those one should mention pink. When developing sites for citizens of eastern India, it is recommended to avoid pale version of this color for the reason that male audience consider it as having a feminine attribute.In some states, on the other hand, representatives of both genders favor pastels the perfect case is Japan. however the most important category for the designer to remember is the group of unsafe colors. The most noteworthy example is purple, which is received negatively in all around the world. Catholic-dominated countries, for example, have this color as a mission of death and crucifixion. Moreover, it symbolizes mystical teachings and practices that oppose the tenets of Christianism, Judaism and Muslimism.It is crucial for instructional designers to realize that all material is unseparatable from culture. Thus, Web site developers must take some special aspects of culture like, for example, color preferances, and integrate them into the project in crop to create culturally sensitive presentation. Reference List 1. Design at Work Leaning Network. (April 2003). A brief introduction to information design. Retrieved on February 23, 2007, from http//http//www. christiania. edu/iforum/iforum/ePaper_no_4_3003. pdf.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of huckleberry Finn Essaythough the invention is entitled The Adventures of huckleberry Finn and the story is told by huckaback, the spot mention in the novel is Jim The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn has two light upon characters, bingle is the slave Jim, the separate the protagonist huckaback. Jim and huck could each be considered the key characters for different reasons, Jim as he is the main representative of the typical slave (slavery being the most significant theme of this novel) and Huck for he is the main storyteller. Jim is an important character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and without him the novel would be ineffectual. moreover The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about the adventures of the protagonist Huck, and it is more likely that the key character of this novel is Huck because we see everything from his view. In a novel which is written as a satiric social comment upon the southern states of the States Jims ro le as the manifestation of slavery must be a key integrity.Incidents in which Jim interacts with other characters and their reactions to him are meant to symbolise the wider societys opinions on slaves and the practice of slavery. Jim, is a high-flown figure in a phonograph record whose main characters consist of liars, cheats and scoundrels. Jim always does the right thing if he can, he always feels empathy for others nonetheless if those heap show no such emotions for him. The incident at the end of the novel when he saves gobbler and risks what he believes to be his own freedom is a case in point.We empathise with Jim because even though other characters suggest that his feelings are least important, whose life is lesser, whose existence is trivial, he manages to stay cheerful, and even kind to those who swear out him in this manner. This quality makes him even more heroic, for he is a figure who turns the other cheek, and is kind to others no matter what. Jim doesnt lie o r cheat, or steal or gamble and looks down on these activities. Jim is never bitter, he never complains, and never expects Huck to return or even notice what he does for him.However this is no to say that Huck is not heroic himself, his support for Jim, a black man, who Huck has been taught is wanting(p) and as important as a pack horse is astounding, and displays that Huck is strong enough and heroic enough to make the harder choice and choose his heart over his conscience. An utilisation of Huck choosing his heart occurs skillful after Jim has been sold by the King and the Duke for forty dollars, Huck believes he has been forced to make a choice between Jim and heaven. He chooses Jim with the words All right then, Ill go to hell.It is Jims escape and the posterior threat of his re-capture that provides the reason for himself and Huck to leave the island and travel down the river where most of their adventures occur. Without Jim dyad would lack a reason for Huck to travel dow n the river and experience what he experiences, without Jim this would be little more than a story about a boy who fakes his own death, and then lives on an island. Add to this the particular that Jim is the attractor during the travel down the river. He is the one who knows all the signs of abide, either good or bad, it is he who makes their move its success and ensures their lives.Jim is the maturest out of himself and Huck. Hucks immaturity is shown when he puts the rattlesnake in Jims sleeping bag, or when he plays a trick on Jim during the fog. Jims maturity is displayed by his reaction to the incident when Huck plays a trick on him during the fog. Without Jim the novel would be innefectual because Hucks development would be stunted without him. One prime example of Jims importance occurs when Huck comes closer to fully realising that Jim is a real person too and the colour of his skin does not flow his gentleity.Huck has realised that Jim is a human and that he should no t play tricks on him or project him as stupid, around the end of the novel Huck says I knowed he was white inside, Huck is expresing his actualisation that Jim is a human in the only way he knows finished making Jim white. Hucks realisation is rise brought across to us bonnie after he has hidden in the fog, and returned to Jim, Jim works out that Huck is trying to trick him and reacts very badly to Hucks prank. Huck then says.it was fifteen minutes before I could work myself to humble to a nigger- but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didnt do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldnt done that one if Id knowed it would make him feel that way. Huck and Jim have a symbiotic relationship, they need each other Huck needs Jim to remain dynamical and keep our attention, and Jim needs Huck to justify his presence in the novel. Jims effect on Huck is bulky it is through Jim that Huck begins to learn about how the colour of skin does not alter the person in side.An example of this occurs when Huck says and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for theirn . Huck justifies Jims existence as a character of substance in this novel, for through helping Huck and caring for him, Jim is makes an impact on the reader, and hence makes his position in the novel as one of its main characters more tenable. However while it is obviously true that Jim teaches Huck he is not Hucks only teacher, several other characters such as Pap and Tom also teach Huck valuable lessons.One example of Huck being taught by close toone other than Jim occurs when Huck says If I never learnt nothin else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with his kind of people is to let them have their own way. It is through Huck and his reactions to various events that Twain passes on his opinions to the reader. Huck is a character through which the author, in Twain puts across his point of view, for example Hucks realisation that Jim is also a human and also important. Twain is trying to get this message across to the public. Huck is a representation of the vulgar person at the beginning of the novel.He is white, uneducated, simple, and not willing to think about what he is told just willing to accept it. Hucks realisations about right and wrong, and importantly his own ability to determine this for himself are haggard out and argued logically inside a story which will tone down the readers attention. Through Huck Twain frames all the key issues of freedom, racism and slavery, personal integrity and social rebellion against social attitudes of the period. This occurs when Huck interacts with key characters who are representative of a theme or an idea being presented by Twain.For example his fundamental interaction with Tom who represents conventional social attitudes, as the novel progresses Huck is less inclined to accept what Tom says or does as correct. One example of this occurs when Huck quits Tom Sawye rs band of thieves, he no longer agrees with Tom, and many of Toms imagined incidents such as that of rading the summer school picnic no longer hold any credence with Huck. This moving away from Tom and what he represents, is an indication of Twains rejection of conventional social values.Jim is the symbolic representation of only one of these points of discussion, slavery. Jim is only a part of that whole because he represents only one of the themes that Twain is discussing in this novel. Unlike Huck, Jim is not the one who reveals the authors opinions through his actions and reactions he is merely representative of one of these ideas. Without Hucks presence the novel lacks a unifying element. Jim is unable to fill the void in this regard as he is a relatively static character who does not change.This is unlike the dynamic Huck who changes some of his opinions and learns about many things ranging from serious issues such as slavery to simpler things such as to how to discern what the weather will be. The most important factor that leads me to argue that Huck is the protagonist comes from the fact that the whole novel is told in first person. It is Hucks views not Jims that we get, it is his outlook that colours our opinion, and most importantly his vernacular we read. In fact Jim himself is seen through Hucks eyes, with Hucks opinion colouring our own.Huck is omnipresent, this is not so with Jim he continuously disappears when it does not dish out Twain to have him in the episode. Debates inside Hucks mind, the incident when Huck plays a trick on Jim during the fog, and even the whole Shepardson, Grangerford incident are lacking the presence of Jim. When Huck meets the Shepardsons and the Grangerfords, for example Jim magically disappears into the bushes to repair the raft. Huck is in every moment of the novel, and other characters are merely there because they interact with Huck, Jim is no exception.Jim is an exceedingly important character in The Adventu res of Huckleberry Finn. Jim represents slavery the major theme of the novel, is forgiving, and kind, however this makes him a heroic character, not the key character. Huck on the other hand is the key character by virtue of his prepotency throughout the book, he is on every page, and every line and unlike Jim he is the character who reveals and in effect discusses issues through his reactions, action and interaction with other characters. Hence it is fair and logical to conclude that although important Jim is not the key character of the novel, that honour must go to Huck.

Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategy show1. Social media advertisement such as Facebook and Twitter. Through this activity of creating advertisement, their business will be more(prenominal) visible to the public and will be known to the market. People would just hit share and equivalents, and a possibility to reach to the people who are in need of a dormitory.2. Flyers and Print ads.Flyers will be given anywhere, like outside the school, move area, and offices, along the streets or in any event that the flyers could be distributed. Make sure that the flyers that will be distributed has the information that the consumer needs to know and noticeable to the market. They will adventure tarpaulins near schools, offices and on their designated target markets. So that people will notice and be aware of this area.3. steering based ReferralsA form of payment to an agent for services rendered.4. Word of MouthSeeding a heart and soul or information to a lot of people. So that consumer has an idea wer e to go if they will find a lobby or they will refer it to some ace.5. Text BlastForward text messages about the Dormitory of those in need and give information about the Dormitory.Action Plan1. ProductImprove services, like security guard.2. PriceMinimum of 2600, max 3500 (fixed price)Price mustiness be affordable especially one of their target markets is students. 3. PlaceIt has laundry area, cafeteria, rooms4. PromotionsTarpaulin should be place near schools, terminals, along the streets. Flyersmust have more specified information and must be given to students, offices, along the streets or crowded area.

Understanding the Societal Response to Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

on a lower floorstanding the Societal Response to oddity EssayThey gave me a reward when I killed two men and gave me a suspension when I love single. These are the words of Leonard Matlovich (1943-1988) who was a Vietnam War veteran and one of the best known sprightly men in America in the 1970s. A journey through the history makes it clear that gayness has always been an issue which has had the highest amount of discussions, disagreements and clashes over the eon in every culture and society.It always generates use up people, who are want a better understanding of the deferent cultural values and social conducts in various times of the history, to know why diametrical societies in different times of the history reacted to different sexual activities in typical ways. This study would comprehensively look into the facts that might hand affected the societies in understanding and accepting the homosexual behavior within the communities. What were the social, economical, ecological and political dynamics that drove the societies to resolve to homosexuality in a rather hostile way?Ancient conceptsThe ancient times that had small kingdoms and to a greater extent of the cult practices gave way to larger empires and syncretism of different mo nonheistic religions spreading new outlook on man having sex with man. This transformation process was in fact differed in various parts of the world. work on the advent of asceticism, which was against all forms of sexual pleasures, homosexuality was accepted broadly as rather positive valet sexual activity except in the pharaonic Egypt (Greenburg 1988). This exception itself is an evidence of the changing values in a society under an organized administrative and religious concept.The vast empires meant long distance slew and imperial expansion which in turn helped the followers of different cult religions in contact with one another causing the diffusion of religious practices that involved homosexuality (G reenburg 1988). In that context there prevailed an aureole conducive for a monotheistic religion which uprooted the polytheism which to a great extend accepted the sexual fantasy of homosexuality (Greenburg 1988). The changing economical, political and national scenario had caused people to look more seriously into competitive excerption accomplishments than bodily pleasures and desires.The gap amongst naughty and the use up-nots increased due to the changing business opportunities and slave merchandise (Greenburg 1988). and so the poor men who had to devote their life more into physical labor and combat for the rich to maintain their life style became critical of the rich men who devote their body and life to seeking pleasure from hedonistic pleasure. Moreover, the politics in the larger kingdoms were not mainly in the hands of the public, which kept the common man aloof from the public affaires. This helplessness in fact ended up resulting in a repudiation of desires and pleasures(Greenburg 1988).The small societies were, make headway, shaken by the conquest happened during the expansion of empires. The troubled social and political situations due to wars energize left the people without any sense of security Davis 1982). The implications of these aspects can be further discussed when looking at different communities in detail. Various Outlooks of Various Communities In many ways the intension of homosexual behavior for Greeks is slipping between the effeminate behavior and mans tendency to have sex with another man (Greenburg 1988). wiz of the Platos observations goes as an older lover will patently court a beloved who is effeminate.There is also a mention of an Egyptian letter date back to 145 BC which Malakos almost certainly refers to anthropoid homosexuality. Where as Boswell (1980) had strongly stated that malakos is never used in Greek to designate gay people as a group or even in reference to homosexual acts generically. Dio Crisostom who was a Greek scholar in AD 115 mentioned that someone who loved learning might be called malakoteran (Davis 1982). These uncertain commends on homosexuality in the Greek community for a great extend reveal that though, homosexuality was not accepted among Greeks, it was not abominated.It could be because the Greeks had a strong and unthreatened sense of cultural superiority. But they lacked altogether the Jewish sense of universe a holy people set apart by God (Davis 1982). The Greek never believed that the cleric power had reviled to man kind a code of laws for the regulation of sexual behavior. Hebrews always upheld the biblical hindrance of male prostitution as the weapon against homosexuality. A few passages in the Leviticus seem to prohibit male homosexuality precisely. They are Levi. 822 Thou shalt not lie with mankind as with womankind it is crime and Levi. 013 If a man lies with mankind as with woman kind both of them have committed an abomination they shall surly be put to death their blood shall be upon them.At this manoeuver it looks like the homosexuality of man is the only thing to abominate, it may not be so moreover the lesbianism at this stage might have been more of a personal issue handled by the elderly male members of the family than a public issue handled by the authorities (Davis 1982). However Later on lesbianism became more of a public issue when the early church took to counter it. St. Paul has clearly mentioned it and strongly condemned it when he said Rom. 26-27 that their women have exchanged natural intercourse for unnatural relationships with women burn with lust for one another.The repugnance towards homosexuality as a prohibited sexual behavior is accounted to be much ferocious in Christian community in many times of the history (Davis 1982). At this juncture, such sexual variant is found to be breaking the boundaries of natural intercourse and thus tend to become the special event of persecution (Boswell 1980). Th is strong hostility of Christians towards such sexual variation is to be understood in terms of the Latin Christians who ruled the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem.They were group in exile and fighting against formidable Muslims to protect the extreme strong hold of Christendom. They lost Jerusalem finally in the 1187, and their leaders fought their heart out, to prevent the temporal leaders from making a pact with the Muslims, only to maintain the Latin Christians discriminating and rigid monopoly. Under the influence of the Latin Church the Frankish Knights and warriors who controlled the kingdom of Jerusalem strangely apart from their Muslim subjects.Thus the normally open knights community kept themselves aloof and the sexual variation which was sensed as a transgression was severely suppressed (Davis 1982). The Modern Outlook In the heartland of Christian atomic number 63 hostility towards homosexuality became marked only toward the end of the 12th century. The emphasize n the clear explanation and rigorous defense of religious and legal boundaries inevitably led to the increased intolerance of forms of sexual behavior involving a breakdown of the boundaries between natural categories(Davis 1982). owever, the leaders of religious and military organizations would consider the maintenance of their posture depends heavily on strict boundaries between the insiders and outsiders. If the insiders are male alone, then, the boundaries between them. The maintenance of strict boundaries between the different levels of a military or ecclesiastical hierarchy requires that people of different levels would not have sexual relations (Ruben 1984). In all the male organizations it would mean prohibiting homosexuality.To wrap up, now such time has come, when the humanity realized that sexuality should be treated with special respect (Ruben 1984). 1873 has seen the first federal anti obscenity law was organism passed in the linked States. From the late 1940s to 1960s the homosexuals were targeted and persecuted severely in America. In the late 60s, the extreme right came out accusing Sex Information and Education Council of the United States as a communist plot that destroys the family values and eventually killing the patriotism in the glide slope generation (Ruben 1984).The recent past have seen AIDS being considers as a homosexual indisposition even in the United States. It was a fact that the gay community had to deal with misfortune of being known as community in which a deadly disease spread out and became visible. One must look back into the history of epidemic and their victims in the beginning, before one begins to think to the highest degree an anti-gay initiative on the basis of Aids (Ruben 1984).

The plague Essay Essay Example for Free

The raise Essay EssayThe abhorrence that wiped fall out one-third of the population of Western Europe in the 14th century was nondiscriminatory. Many reasons contributed to the double number of deaths. The plague was a turning point in Europe socially, economically and culturally. There were several(prenominal) ways in which the plague alter Europe. One of the reasons the plague affected Europe was socially. This was the by-product of a single flea bite. Erasmus of Rotterdam states, The plague and sickness in England is due to the filth in the streets and the sputum and dogs urine which could be close to the correct answer because the fleas infected the rats and then the rats infected other animals which then infected the humans. Giovan Flippo a physician seemed to think large number in higher positions would try to take power from some and browbeat others. With so many deaths, Europe was socially devastated. Economy was another reason why the plague affected the people o f Europe.Since the rich fled, death was principally directed towards the short explains French author Nicolas Versoris. This means the poor were left to die and infect more of the poor people while the rich were able to flee. match to M. Bertrand, physician at Marseilles argues The plague must be considered a particular chastisement exercised by an smouldering god. Meaning that it was gods way of showing his anger by taking the lives of people. Again, the plague took the lives from all walks of life, whether rich or poor. So many people died that there werent enough people to do jobs therefore a labor shortage occurred. Finally culture played another monumental role.Cultural beliefs play an important part in the decision making process for people. sent me a little piece of bread that had touched the corpse of St. Domenica. I fed it to my husband and suddenly the pyrexia broke, mentioned Lisabetta Centenni, Italian housewife. She believed that her husband was cured by the holy p iece of bread because it touched the body of St. Domenica. A French physician, H. de Rochas seemed to think that wearing toads around the necks of the infected would draw the venom of the plague out of their bodies.

Conan Doyle creates mystery Essay Example for Free

Conan Doyle creates whodunit EssayConan Doyle creates brain-teaser and perplexity in a variety of ways. The setting and atmosphere formed in a mystery story argon vital and often atomic number 53 of the most effective ingredients. The desired effect, which in the guinea pig of these short stories is mystery and suspense, depend largely upon the setting and atmosphere. The major events that take place in The stippled Band occur at the home of Dr Roylott in Stoke Moran. Watson describes the two uninhabited sections as a picture of ruin. The description of the two thirds of the house that are in ruin, raises questions in the commentators mind as to what is occurring in the two areas of the house which are uninhabited. When the shape of the building is compared to the claws of a crab, it creates a perturbing simile for the reader. The reader may ask the question, Are Holmes and Watson about to be trapped within the claws? The major events that occur in The Speckled Band take place during the night. This creates an overwrought atmosphere as the night is thought to elicit emotions.During the night it is harder to see, and umpteen perceive this as potentially dangerous. The fact that Stoke Moran is in a unlike and secluded location, separate from the village, excessively indicates that no one could hear a murder or be able to help the victim. Therefore this is a perfect setting for a murder. The setting that is created also generates many decoys that could possibly throw the reader completely off the scent. The first being the gypsies. Roylott allows them access to his fields and whence on that point are nearly always some there.In Victorian times you were thought in earnest of if you consorted with gypsies as they were thought to be social outcasts and were often feared by people due to curses and the magic they purportedly practiced. Not only do the gypsies provide a decoy and a slight edge to the story, they also create an unusual setting. The f inal element that dramatically adds to the setting, and that creates suspense in the atmosphere, is the wild animals that Dr Roylott allows to roam free. He has a cheetah and a baboon, which are feared by the villagers almost as much as their master. in person I feel that Roylotts pets almost represent his character. The atmosphere around Stoke Moran must be one of tension and fear, and this is clearly illustrated through the setting that Doyle devises. The atmosphere and setting is also greatly influenced by the weather. On the eve of Julia Stoners death,It was a wild night. The wind was howling outside, and the rain was beating and splashing against the windows. Here Conan Doyle uses the technique pathetic fallacy as the weather mirrors the terrible events that are about to occur.Suddenly, amid all the hubbub of the gale, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. The use of literary techniques such as these adds to the foundations of the story and hold ups it a g reat deal more exciting. Personally I like the way suspense is created throughout this story. I thought this example was one of the most exciting parts. Conan Doyle uses detail to build up tension when Watson and Holmes must make their second visit to Stoke Moran in the dead of night. The atmosphere, while Watson and Holmes make their secret entrance, is on edge.There is a chill wind which gives the effect that it is eerie and ghostly, the pair are almost waiting for something to happen, when they see what appears to be a hideous and distorted child. Although it is only the baboon, it creates a heightened adept of suspense. When they realises the cause of their panic they find it humorous, and tension drops slightly as the foremost event has not even occurred. Even though they are laughing, they are both still concerned about the cheetah roaming the grounds and the fact that they have to be totally soundless.

Renewable Energy Essay Example for Free

Renewable goose egg EssayThe possible downsides associated with different types of renewable energy resources atomic number 18 briefly listed below. Hydroelectric dam Located in remote craggy regions mostly prone to background quakes Requires construction of large dams in potentially seismic zones Seasonality in power output as wet flow is more in rainy season Nuclear Power Plants Accident if occur lead cause lot of damage Radioactivity exposure to the personnel Radioactive waste disposal continues to be an unsolved issue Nuclear proliferation fear Solar Power Technology is yet to mature in terms of affordable and efficient solar panels Conversion efficiency is low Scalability is an issue Depends on deliver condition Cannot produce electricity in night so storage device is required discolour power refers to renewable energy resources which do not adversely affect ecological balance. Some examples atomic number 18 hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power, b iomass etc. Advantages and disadvantages are listed below. Green Power Source Advantage evil Wind energy Free, clean Reliability is a big question mark Solar Energy Free, Clean, Plentiful Low conversion efficiencyHydroelectric Clean, free Located in remote hilly regions Today, the world is interested in renewable energy resources because the fossil fuels are limited in shyness and will deplete completely one day. Also, exploitation of the fossil fuels is leading to ecological imbalances and causing unripened house effect leading to global warming, which is a very serious issue, globally.The only answer to these problems is to go for renewable energy resources. Therefore, the world is so much interested in decreasing energy end product from fossil fuel and increasing the same from renewable energy resources.

The Story of a Mother Essay Example for Free

The Story of a Mother EssaySisa ran quickly home, confused. She fe ared that the civil guards may have arrested his son Basilio already. When she reached home, she saw the twain civil guards leaving with only her hen. She tried to walk early(prenominal) them but the civil guards caught her and demanded to know where her sons are. Sisa begged the guards for mercy, saying she does not know where her sons are nor does she have the gold coins they are accusing Crispin of stealing. With no other recourse, the civil guards forcibly brought her back to the barracks. Sisa, to spare her from humiliation, begged them to at least yield her some distance between them. The civil guards obliged, giving her a distance of 20 steps.They eventually reached the barracks and Sisa was imprisoned. not wanting to bother themselves of inquiring about her, no one bothered to report to the alferez. After two hours, the alferez, rival of the curate, dismissed Father Salvis allegations against her and ordered her to be freed. Sisa hurriedly ran back home once again but did not find Basilio. She ran to Tasio the Sage but he was not home. Instinctively, she went home and upon come in the hut, she saw a piece of torn and bloodied cloth from Basilios shirt. She cried out for her children throughout the night. Come morning, Sisa stub be seen smiling and talking to everyone.

System analysis

System analytic thinking4.1 IntroductionSystem analysis is a major activity which takes place when we are structure a latest organization or changing one. abstract will help us to understand about the existing governing body and in any case will know the requirements necessary for the latest outline. And if there is no accessible system then system analysis will defines only the necessity.In system analysis the intimately important factor is to lay and right problems in system. A well understanding of the system will enables designer to understand and rectify the system problems.Existing SoftwareThe software is implemented in the system hard disc to the boniface. The server program runs constantly and waits for a connection to be recognized to it and will make available on line system to automate different operations completed in the network. 2.1.1 Existing SystemIn past the company staff uses the legacy system of carrying interoffice mails by the messengers from one substan ce ab drug user to other user of the company or they asshole also use the intercoms for c alone conference or even in somewhat cases emails are used for transmit of messages between the group community There are some disadvantages in existing system * Tedious message send system.* Communication is not instant.* Message transmit is done through insecure communication media.* Communication delays.* Maintaining the identities of all the members is not efficient. Like using manual of arms books, diaries, etc., for storing of users development.2.1.2 Proposed System To overcome the shortcomings of the conventional systems, the project aims at developing a multithreaded public messaging system for broadcasting messages to every member in the channel that allows multiple people (users) to interact with each other in a shared environment. The proposed system aims to fulfill the following Sharing of data in a real time environment, i.e., the data broadcasted can be edited online and vi ewed simultaneously. Providing fast, secure, reliable and cost effective broadcasting communication medium between community members. Support for public and private channels of communication. Multiple media transmission support like voice, text, images, etc. Personal peer messaging service. A user-friendly interface2.2 destiny AnalysisRequirement analysis provides software designer with a model of System culture post BehaviourModel can be translated to data, architectural, and component-level designs.2.2.1 Analysis Objectives Identification of the customers needs. Evaluation of the system for feasibility. Perform skilful analysis. Establish constraints. Create system definitions2.3 Software Requirements Analysis PhasesProblem recognitionThe existing system provides the information about products in the form of Local Advertisements media and paper advertisements. This is not sufficient to reach the end user properly. So, the company management is willing to maintain a web site which one accomplished all firm in detailed. Evaluation and synthesisAfter getting the clear problem definition we focused on what to do but not how to do. Ways to solve the problem and among the different ways we prepare and we selected the best way to solve the problem. ModelingWe made a rough diagram of the proposed system and showed it to the clients to depone whether their specifications are completely mentioned in that or not.SpecificationsThe software and hardware requirements and complete specifications are known. The running(a) and non functional requirements are known. ConstraintThe constraints are known and a clear definition of the system is given. ReviewA review of the whole process what we did and the result are shown to the clients.2.4. Feasibility Study Feasibility study is conducted at a time the problem is clearly understood. It is a high level capsule version of the entire System Analysis and Design process. The main objective is to determine how to solve a problem quickly, at a token(prenominal) expense and to check if the problem is worth solving. This system has been tested for feasibility in the following points functional Feasibility Technical Feasibility Economical Feasibility2.4.1 Economic Feasibility Economic feasibility is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. During study costs are considered like costs of hardware, stripped-down configuration, system compatibility of H/W, etc., the proposed system minimizes the time effort of the data collection, answering queries and generating reports which results in significant saving. Thus, the proposed system is economically feasible. 2.4.2 Operational Feasibility Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned into information systems that will meet the requirements. As current business methods are not acceptable to the users in call of speed, timely and accurate results, users welcomed a change that will bring about a more operational and useful system. With the rarely involvement it reduced the chances of resistance to the system and change in general and change magnitude the likelihood of the project successfully.2.4.3 Technical Feasibility It centers on the existing computer system and to what extent it can support the proposed system. The system can be expanded as the need arises. With the obtained technology there is guaranteed of accuracy, reliability, facility of access and security. Thus, it is technically feasible to design and develop the proposed system.3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 3.1 Software Requirements operate System Windows XP,LINUX Languages Java Java compiler J2sdk1.4 3.2 aphonicware Requirements Processor Pentium III above RAM 256MB Hard Disk 20GB

Role of the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

Role of the industrial Development depose of India (IDBI)The verifying Industry was at a time a simple and reliable wrinkle that took deposits from investors at a lower interest regularize and loaned it egress to borrowers at a higher rate.However deregulation and technology led to a revolution in the asserting Industry that saw it transformed. Banks kick in amaze global industrial powerhouses that tolerate created ever more composite products that use risk and securitisation in models that only PhD students rump on a lower floorstand. Through technology discip spot, canting operate have become available 24 hours a day, 365 days a week, finished ATMs, at online vernacularings, and in electroni rallyy enabled exchanges where everything from stocks to funds futures contracts bum be traded.Indian banking effortThe exploitation in the Indian Banking Industry has been more qualitative than quantitative and it is expected to remain the same in the coming years. Base d on the projections made in the India Vision 2020 prep bed by the Planning Commission and the Draft 10th Plan, the report forecasts that the pace of refinement in the balance-sheets of banks is likely to decelerate. The total assets of all scheduled commercial banks by end-March 2010 is estimated at Rs 40,90,000 crores. That go out pay off about 65 per cent of GDP at electric current market prices as comp atomic number 18d to 67 per cent in 2002-03. Bank assets are expected to grow at an annual composite rate of 13.4 per cent during the rest of the decade as against the growth rate of 16.7 per cent that existed between 1994-95 and 2002-03. It is expected that there will be large additions to the capital base and reserves on the liability side.The Indian Banking Industry can be categorized into non-scheduled banks and scheduled banks. plan banks constitute of commercial banks and co-operative banks. There are about 67,000 branches of Scheduled banks expand across India. As distant as the present scenario is concerned the Banking Industry in India is expiration through a transitional phase.The Public Sector Banks(PSBs), which are the base of the Banking sector in India report for more than 78 per cent of the total banking industry assets. Unfortunately they are burdened with excessive Non perform assets (NPAs), massive manpower and lack of modern technology. On the different hand the Private Sector Banks are making tremendous progress. They are leaders in Internet banking, mobile banking, phone banking, ATMs. As far as extraneous banks are concerned they are likely to succeed in the Indian Banking Industry.In the Indian Banking Industry many of the Private Sector Banks run are IDBI Bank, ING Vyasa Bank, SBI Commercial and International Bank Ltd, Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. and banks from the Public Sector include Punjab National bank, Vijaya Bank, UCO Bank, Oriental Bank, everyahabad Bank among others. ANZ Grindlays Bank, ABN-AMRO Bank, American Exp ress Bank Ltd, Citibank are some of the international banks operating in the Indian Banking Industry.Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was established on July 1, 1964 downstairs an fiddle of Parliament as a wholly owned subsidiary accompany of the Reserve Bank of India. In 16 February 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the G everyplacenment of India and it was made the wind monetary substructure for coordinating the activities of originations occupied in financing, promoting and developing industry in the region. Although brass shareholding in the Bank came down below 100% following IDBIs public issue in July 1995, the precedent continues to be the major stockholder (current shareholding 52.3%). During the foursome decades of its existence, IDBI has been instrumental not only in establishing a well-developed, diversified and efficient industrial and institutional structure but excessively adding a q ualitative dimension to the process of industrial maturation in the country.IDBI has vie a pioneering role in fulfilling its mission of promoting industrial growth through financing of medium and long-term projects, in consonance with national plans and priorities. Over the years, IDBI has enlarged its basket of products and services, viewing al approximately the entire spectrum of industrial activities, including manufacturing and services. IDBI forgets pecuniary assistance, twain in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-field projects as also for expanding upon, modernisation and diversification purposes. In the wake of pecuniary sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI evolved an set out of fund and fee-based services with a view to providing an integrated solution to meet the entire demand of pecuniary and corporate advisory getments of its nodes. IDBI also provides indirect monetary assistance by way of refinancing of loans extended by State-le vel financial institutions and banks and by way of rediscounting of bills of exchange arising out of sale of indigenous machinery on deferred payment terms.IDBI has lay outed a pioneering role, particularly in the pre-reform era (1964-91),in catalyzing broad based industrial education in the country in keeping with its governing body-ordained suppuration banking charter. In pursuance of this mandate, IDBIs activities transcended the confines of pure long-term lending to industry and encompassed, among others, balanced industrial growth through phylogeny of backward areas, modernisation of specific industries, employment genesis, entrepreneurship development along with sponsor services for creating a deep and vibrant domestic capital market, including development of apt institutional framework.Narasimam committee recommends that IDBI should give up its direct financing maps and concentrate only in promotional and refinancing role. But this recommendation was rejected by the government. Latter RBI constituted a committee at a lower place the chairmanship of S.H.Khan to examine the archetype of development financing in the changed global challenges. This committee is the first to recommend the concept of universal banking. The committee wanted to the development financial institution to diversify its activity. It recommended to harmonise the role of development financing and banking activities by getting away from the conventional distinction between commercial banking and developmental banking.In September 2003, IDBI diversified its business domain further by acquiring the entire shareholding of Tata Finance extra in Tata Home finance Ltd., signaling IDBIs foray into the retail finance sector. The fully-owned housing finance subsidiary has since been renamed IDBI Home finance special(a). In view of the signal changes in the operating environment, following initiation of reforms since the former(a) nineties, Government of India has decided to transfo rm IDBI into a commercial bank without eschewing its secular development finance obligations. The migration to the clean business model of commercial banking, with its admission to low- represent current, savings bank deposits, would help overcome most(prenominal) of the limitations of the current business model of development finance while at the same time enabling it to diversify its thickening/ asset base. Towards this end, the IDB (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) coif 2003 was passed by Parliament in declination 2003. The Act provides for repeal of IDBI Act, corporatisation of IDBI (with volume Government holding current share 58.47%) and transformation into a commercial bank.The provisions of the Act have come into force from July 2, 2004 in terms of a Government Notification to this effect. The Notification facilitated formation, incorporation and allowance of Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. as a company chthonian the Companies Act, 1956 and a deemed Ba nking Company under the Banking Regulation Act 1949 and helped in throwing requisite regulatory and statutory clearances, including those from RBI. IDBI would commence banking business in accordance with the provisions of the untested Act in addition to the business being transacted under IDBI Act, 1964 from October 1, 2004, the appointed participation notified by the Central Government. IDBI has firmed up the infrastructure, technology platform and reorientation of its human capital to achieve a smooth transition.IDBI Bank, with which the parent IDBI was merged, was a vibrant immature generation Bank. The Pvt Bank was the fastest growing banking company in India. The bank was pioneer in adapting to policy of first mover in score 2 cities. The Bank also had the least NPA and the highest productivity per employee in the banking industry.On July 29, 2004, the Board of Directors of IDBI and IDBI Bank accorded in convention approval to the merger of IDBI Bank with the Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. to be formed incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 pursuant to the IDB (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2003 (53 of 2003), battleground to the approval of shareholders and other regulatory and statutory approvals. A mutually p supporter proposition with positive implications for all stakeholders and clients, the merger process is expected to be completed during the current financial year ending March 31, 2005.IDBI would continue to provide the extant products and services as part of its development finance role even after its conversion into a banking company. In addition, the new entity would also provide an array of wholesale and retail banking products, designed to suit the specific needs cash flow requirements of corporates and individuals. In particular, IDBI would leverage the strong corporate relationships built up over the years to offer customised and total financial solutions for all corporate business needs, single-window ap praisal for term loans and working capital finance, strategic advisory and hand-holding support at the implementation phase of projects, among others.IDBIs transformation into a commercial bank would provide a gateway to low-cost deposits like Current and Savings Bank Deposits. This would have a positive impact on the Banks overall cost of funds and facilitate lending at more competitive rates to its clients. The new entity would offer various retail products, leveraging upon its existing relationship with retail investors under its existing Suvidha Flexi-bond schemes. In the emerging scenario, the new IDBI hopes to realize its mission of positioning itself as a one stop super-shop and most preferred brand for providing total financial and banking solutions to corporates and individuals, capitalising on its intimate knowledge of the Indian industry and client requirements and large retail base on the liability side.Recent developmentsTo meet emerging challenges and to keep up with r eforms in financial sector, IDBI has taken steps to reshape its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution. With the Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2003, IDBI attained the status of a peculiar(a) company viz. Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBIL). Subsequently, the Central Government notified October 1, 2004 as the Appointed duration and RBI issued the requisite notification on September 30, 2004 incorporating IDBI Ltd. as a scheduled bank under the RBI Act, 1934. Consequently, IDBI, the erstwhile Development Financial Institution of the country, formally entered the portals of banking business as IDBIL from October 1, 2004, over and preceding(prenominal) the business currently being transacted.Acquisition of United Western BankIn 2006, IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank in a rescue. Annasaheb Chirmule, who worked for the cause of Swadeshi movement, founded Satara Swadeshi Commercial Bank in 19 07, and some three decades later founded United Western Bank. The bank was incorporated in 1936, and commenced operations the next year, with its decimal point office in Satara, in Maharashtra State. It became a Scheduled Bank in 1951. In 1956 it merged with marrow Bank of Kolhapur, and in 1961 with Satara Swadeshi Commercial Bank. At the time of the merger with IDBI, United Western had some 230 branches spread over 47 districts in 9 states, controlled by five Zonal Offices at Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, Jalgaon and Nagpur.Main function of IDBIIDBI is vested with the responsibility of co-ordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industries. It has evolved an appropriate mechanism for this purpose. IDBI also undertakes/supports wide-ranging promotional activities including entrepreneurship development programmes for new entrepreneurs, provision of consultancy services for short and medium enterprises, upgradation of technology and programmes for economic upliftment of the underprivileged.IDBI role as catalystIDBIs role as a catalyst to industrial development encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. IDBI can finance all types of industrial concerns covered under the provisions of the IDBI Act. With over three decades of service to the Indian industry, IDBI has grown substantially in terms of surface of operations and portfolio.Development activities of IDBI and promotionl activitiesIn fulfilment of its developmental role, the Bank continues to perform a wide range of promotional activities relating to developmental programmes for new entrepreneurs, consultancy services for small and medium enterprises and programmes designed for accredited voluntary agencies for the economic upliftment of the underprivileged. These include entrepreneurship development, self-employment and wage employment in the industrial sector for the weaker sections of society through voluntary agencies, support to Science and Technology Entreprene urs Parks, Energy Conservation, Common prize Testing Centres for small industries.Evolution Changing RoleThe genesis of Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBI Ltd.) can be traced to the establishment of The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), its predecessor entity, in 1964, by an Act of Parliament to provide credit and other facilities for the development of industry. IDBIs charter was later broad-based to also encompass the responsibilities of headspring financial institution for co-ordinating the working of National and State-level institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry. Initially set up as a fully-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the ownership of IDBI was later transferred to the Government of India in 1976. Although Government shareholding in the Bank came down below 100% following IDBIs public issue in July 1995, the former continues to be the major shareholder(currentshareholding51.4%).Cumulative assist ance sanctioned and disbursed by IDBI since inception up to end-September 2004 aggregated some Rs.2,23,000 crore and Rs 1,78,000 crore respectively. IDBIs asset base stood in the vicinity of Rs. 63,850 crore at end-September2004.As a considered response to changes in its operating environment following initiation of reforms since the early nineties and the resultant concerns of IDBIs sustained viability therein in its current avatar, IDBI, in consultation with the Government of India, decided to transform into a commercial bank without eschewing its secular development finance obligations. The migration to the new business model of commercial banking, with its gateway to low-cost current/savings bank deposits, it was felt, would help overcome most of the limitations of the current business model of development finance while simultaneously enabling it to diversify its client/asset base.Towards this end, the IDBI (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 2003 was passed by Parliament on December 16, 2003 and received the Presidents assent on December 30, 2003. The provisions of the Act came into force from July 2, 2004 in terms of a Government Notification to this effect. The Notification enabled IDBI to obtain the requisite statutory and regulatory approvals, including those from RBI, for conversion into a banking company. The new company viz. Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBIL) was incorporated on September 27, 2004 and the record-keeper of Companies, Mumbai, issued the certificate for commencement of business to IDBI Ltd. on September 28, 2004. Subsequently, the Central Government notified October 1, 2004 as the Appointed Date and RBI issued the requisite notification on September 30, 2004 incorporating IDBI Ltd. as a scheduled bank under the RBI Act, 1934. Consequently, IDBI, the erstwhile Development Financial Institution of the country, formally entered the portals of banking business as IDBIL from October 1, 2004, over and above the busin ess currently being transacted.IDBI Ltd. is registered as a company under the Companies Act, 1956 to carry out banking business in accordance with the provisions of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. The IDBI Repeal Act, 2003 enabled IDBI to become a banking company without the need to obtain a separate banking licence under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. IDBI Ltd. will enjoy certain regulatory forbearance, including right from compliance with SLR requirements (mandated under the Banking Regulation Act) for the first five years. All existing shareholders of the erstwhile IDBI, including the Central Government, have become pro-rata shareholders of IDBI Ltd. from the appointed date. Further, the provisions of the Memorandum and Articles of Association of IDBI Ltd. require that the Central Government, as a shareholder of the Company, shall, at all times, maintain not less than 51% of the issued capital of the company.The authorized capital of IDBI Ltd, has been minify to Rs.1250 cr ore from Rs.1500 crore (the authorized capital of erstwhile IDBI) in conformity with the provision of the Banking Regulation Act. The paid-up capital of the Company, at Rs.653 crore, however, remains the same as the paid-up capital of the erstwhile IDBIRole of Financial Institutions in extraneous Investment in IndiaThe main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The funds from overseas countries come in two forms unusual direct Investments and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian companies. immaterial direct investments inflows are approved through spontaneous route or through government route. Those units that require government approval to get funds require the FIPB approval. Foreign Direct Investment through automatic route, on the other hand, does not require FIPB approval. All these allocation of financial assistance to various industrial units in India are gui ded by the financial institutions set up in various parts of India. Some of the leading financial institutions in India that play an important role in foreign investments in India are RBI, IDBI Bank, IFCI Bank, ICICI Limited and EXIM Bank.Role of IDBI in Foreign InvestmentThe role of IDBI in Foreign Investment is mainly to provide financial assistance on a consortium basis to various industrial units in India which are mainly involved in manufacturing or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power.Main Functions of IDBIIDBI coordinates between various financial institutions who are highly involved in provide financial assistance, promoting, and developing various industrial unitsIDBI is also engaged in a variety of promotional activities such as development programs for the fresh entrepreneurs, planning of consultancy services for both the small scale enterprises and the medium sized industrial unitsIDBI works for the advancement of technology and oth er welfare schemes to ensure economic development.Industrial Development Bank of India acts as a catalyst in various industrial development programsIDBI provides financial assistance to all kinds of industrial units which comes under the provisions of the IDBI ActIDBI has served various industrial sectors in India for about three years and has grown leaps and bounds in its size and operating unitsRole of IDBI in Foreign InvestmentIt manages various financial institutions working under IDBI bankProvides financial assistance to various industrial units in terms of developmentsIt also offers refinancing options including term loans to the suitable financial institutionsIt provides keep to the industrial units that are involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectorsIt also provides finance to various projects, expansion of any project, diversifications, or even developing the projects which will e xceed Rs. 30 one million million and it also provides funding to those projects which cost less than Rs. 30 million through indirect means as it offers refinancing to the main financial institutions such as SFC/SIDC/Commercial BanksArticlesIDBI Bank July-Sep net up 57 pct, beats fcastState-owned IDBI Ltd on Monday post a 57 percent rise in July-September net profit, helped by growth in both the net interest income and fee-based income, beating analyst forecasts. Net profit of the bank for the second quarter was at 2.54 one thousand million rupees, up from 1.62 billion rupees a year ago. A Reuters poll of brokerages had estimated profits at 1.95 billion rupees. Profitability grew on the back of good growth in the net interest income and fee-based income front, Yogesh Agarwal, chairman and managing director, told reporters at a press conference.The banks net interest income rose to 4.72 billion rupees, up from 1.29 billion rupees a year ago, while fee-based income rose 99 percent to 3.90 billion rupees. Its net interest margin rose to 1.07 percent, up from 0.41 percent a year ago with cost of deposits coming down as high cost deposits were getting retired, Agarwal said. Core income helped profits grow for the bank, said an analyst in a Mumbai-based brokerage, on crack of anonymity. The bank, with a capital adequacy ratio of 11.9 percent, is waiting for government approval to raise funds for growth.Government owns around 52 percent in the bank and it will have to take a call on modes of capital-raising to be made available to the bank, he said. We hope to tap the (capital) market by January 2010, subject to government deciding on mode of capital raising to be adopted by the bank, he said. Its capital adequacy at tier I level was at 6.83 percent, while that in the tier II segment was at 5.07 percent. The bank will also raise $225 million via syndicated loans to meet its growth targets, R.K. Bansal, chief financial officer, said adding the bank is targeting a lo an growth of 20 percent in the current fiscal. We will be signing for this foreign currency loan tomorrow, he said. The loan will be for a one-year tenure with an all-inclusive cost of 6.2 percent.The bank which would open its first foreign branch in Dubai has an enabling resolution to raise up to $1.5 billion via medium term notes in foreign currency, Bansal said adding it can be raised only after the lender has a foreign presence as per Reserve Bank of India guidelines.The cash strapped Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), has got a line of credit of $100 million from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The institution has also reached the final stages of an line of battle with KfW of Germany for co-financing of infrastructure projects along with the line of credit (LoC)from ADB. This comes as a great help to the FI at a time when it is starved of funds. The funds will be lent against private infrastructure projects in four states namely Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat a nd Madhya Pradesh. In fact, IDBI is not the only institution to have got it. IIL FS too has got a $100 million LoC from ADB.The duration of loan from ADB will be 20 years on a floating rate basis. It will be lent at LIBOR plus 60 basis point. The boards of ADB and both the FIs have cleared the loan proposal and the signing of the documents will take place in the next 10 to 15 days. The KfW deal is being negotiated and is likely to be taken up at the latest Indo-German meeting. KfW is a development bank for developing countries that operate on behalf of the German Government. The rates in the case of KfW are likely to be very close to the rates offered by ADB. But in the case of KfW, the tenure of the payments is loss to be longer in the range of 25 years.In fact, the borrowings of IDBI have been growing sharply. From Rs. 37,861 crore in 1997, it has gone up to Rs. 56,057 crore as on June 30, 2001. Of this, the borrowings outside India had grown from Rs. 5660 crore in 1997 to Rs. 7,913 crore as on June 30, 2001. In fact, IDBI along with NABARD have been requesting the RBI and the Government to extend the tenure of long-term operations funds availed by the institution from the RBI till 1990. These were taken off following the start of economic reforms in 1991.